Murder Research Paper free essay sample

The Uniform Crime Report is an annual report that is issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation that presents data on selected categories of crimes reported by the police. The police always substantiate the data that is presented or captured in the Uniform Crime Report. As such this is a measurable exertion of just about eighteen thousand urban areas, college, school, country, state , and government law authorization offices willfully announcing information on violations drew out into the open. On the violent crimes whose data is captured by the UCR, murder is the among the crimes as well as rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. In New York City, the division of Criminal Justice service is mandated by law with the responsibility to fill in the focal storehouse of wrongdoing and arrest data. This paper seeks to explore the data relating to murder in New York City from the Uniform Crime Report with the emphasis on national and state crime rates, offenders and characteristics, theory and geographical rates. We will write a custom essay sample on Murder Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Under the Uniform Crime Reporting Program, the violent crime murder is expressed as murder and nonnegligent manslaughter which is characterized as the headstrong or nonnegligent executing of one person by another. Grouping of the wrongdoing of murder is reliant on police examination and not through court assurance, restorative inspector, coroner, jury or some other legal body. This Offense classification does not entail the following situations: passing caused by carelessness, suicide, or mishap; reasonable manslaughters; and endeavors to murder or ambush to kill which are scored as exasperated attacks. Murder has been a concern in New York City for years. In an article in the field and stream magazine, E.B. Mann asserts that among the countrys ten largest cities, New York had the eighth lowest murder for every 100,000 residents in 1973(Mann 2006). This occurrence has changed over the years with new trends in the occurrence of murder in New York being realized.The rate of murder in the United States of America has not been consistent over the years with different occurrences from year to year. The historical statistics recorded from year to year show varying patterns in the occurrences of murder in the United states if America. For instance, approximately 14,827 people were murdered in the country. This statistic was a 1.1 percent increase from the murders that were recorded in 2011 but was a 9.9 and 10.3 percent decrease from the statistic in the years 2008 and 2003 respectively (Fernandez-Lanier, 2014). For every 100,000 people 4. 7 murders occurred. A comparison of the murder rate in 2012 and 2011 reveal 0.4 percent increase from 2011 to 2012. The number of murders recorded in the United States in the year 2017, was 17, 250 which was 8.6 percent increase from the approximation in 2015 and 16.1 percentage increase from the statistic in 2012 (Fernandez-Lanier, 2014). The murder rate in New York City decreased by 14. 9 percent from 2016 to 2017 as 101 murders were recorded in 2011 as compared to 86 in the year 2017. Notably, the rates of murder not only in New York City but the United States of America have been decreasing from year to year.Offender Characteristics can be deduced from the Uniform Crime Report expanded homicide data table which reveals data as of 2016. 60.8 percent of the offenders are male with the lesser percent of 7.6 being female. However, 31. 6 percent of the offenders have unknown gender. Black or African American is the race with the highest percentage of offenders at 35.9 percent, while White Offenders constitute 29.5 percent of the total offenders. Most Offenders are in the under 22 age brackets with those under 22 years of age being 2,905 of the population. Most offenders are of the age of 18 years and above with this age bracket representing 10.180 of the total 16,964 murders that were recorded in the year 2016. Of the known age brackets, most offenders seem to be aged between 20 and 24. Notably, a significant number of offenders are aged between 25 and 29.The geographical analysis reveals the statistics of murder in New York State and the different regions within the region. The percentage change in the murders recorded in the States of New York between 2015 and 2016 is an increase of 1.6 percent while that between 2007 and 2016 is a decrease of 22.3 percent. In comparison to rates in New York City, the change in the rates of murder between 2015 and 2016 is a 32. 5 percent decrease (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2017). Other regions other than New York City illustrate a similar trend in the change in the rate of murder crimes over the years. For instance, murders recorded between 2015 and 2016 were 266 and 293 respectively in non- New York City regions (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2017). These statistics represent 10.2 increase. Nonetheless, just as in New York City, other regions in New York State have recorded a decrease in the crime rate with regards to the years 2007 to 2016, a 6.1 percent decrease. Finally, the relationship between the offender and the victim as has been observed in New York State from year to year has been observed to be domestic. Most statistics show that domestic homicides are common in New York State, most of them involving intimate partners while others involving other members of the family. Intimate partners are people in a spousal relationship, ex-spouse, same-sex or heterosexual relationship. The offender and the victim may be living together or not. Family members include children, parents, siblings or any other family relationship. For instance, a research report by Adriana Fernandez-Lanier in October 2014 reveals that in 2013, police in New York State testified to a total of 643 homicide victims in 604 incidents. Victims in 144 homicides (22. 4percent) has a domestic relationship with their offender (Fernandez-Lanier, 2014). As such, it is evident that the most predominant form of relationship between the offender and the victim is mostly in the domestic relationship.Many Theories have developed to explain criminal behaviors. Criminologists have combine the most aspects of sociology, anthropology, psychology and biological theories to advance their understanding of criminal behavior. The Latent trait is a developmental theory which explains violent crime. This trait theory is established early at birth but were gained very early in life and developed into criminal and violent behavior. Many murderers do not target to murder another person but reacts to what triggers their mind. As research shown the idea that a number of people in the population have a personal attribute or propensity that controls their inclination to commit criminal acts (David Rowe, D. Wayne Osgood and W. Alan Nicewander) The latent trait theory can remain over time in the individual. Mark Colvin stated that you must have enough self-control to avoid being coerced. Those who carry one of the latent traits are in danger of becoming career criminals; those who lack the propensity to commit have a much lower risk. To reduce the crime society must enhance legitimate social support and reduce the forces of coercion. Victims of violent crime and their families have often experience distress. People learn the technique and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers. Violent crime is often the result of impulsive actions. Everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but most people are controlled by their bonds with society.ReferencesBIBLIOGRAPHY

Women in the Workforce essays

Women in the Workforce essays Cohn, L. (2000, February 15). Tucked away in the latest "Economic Report of the President" is a slew of statistics describing the contribution women have made to the supercharged U.S. economy. The annual report, released in mid-February by President Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers, says that "the progress made by women in the paid labor market has been one of the most important economic changes of the 20th century." Petroff-Tobler, L. (2002, September 15). Among the factors contributing to women's entrance into the workplace were propaganda, economic necessity, and a general sense of patriotism and duty to their country to contribute in whatever way they could. Propaganda relating to the assimilation of women into the general workforce was a major tool used to manipulate the people's view of what was appropriate and necessary for women to do. Undoubtedly more important than the fact that women now had more opportunity is the effect that these new opportunities had on the psyche of America's women. In a group of collected letters, women speak of rationing, war bond rallies, salvage campaigns, blood drives, civil defense work, planting and harvesting victory gardens, Red Cross work, and hostessing at United Service Organization, but the underlying feelings regarding these newly acquired responsibilities and freedoms seem to be the most useful aspects of these letters. It can be gathered fr om these that most women were proud of their new accomplishments and enjoyed the new senses of self-reliance and confidence instilled in them through their jobs. They found new capabilities that they were not aware of. Unfortunately, they were unaware of the reality that soon the war would end and things would go back to the way they were before WWII to an extent. Men's return home at the conclusion of the war brought bad tides for women despite their rejoicing at their relatives and friends return. Th...

10 Ways to Speak and Understand Rapid-Fire Italian

10 Ways to Speak and Understand Rapid-Fire Italian It is no secret that Italians speak fast. This is true with both their words and their gestures, so as someone who is learning Italian, how can you keep up with their rapid-fire speech? Here are 10 pieces of advice that have helped me speed up my spoken Italian and understand fast speech. Watch Italian TV The amount of Italian programming that is available to watch online is staggering. YouTube alone offers thousands of episodes of popular shows in Italy if you know what you’re looking for. You can start with an episode from the classic shows Un posto al sole or Il commissario Montalbano or go for something more modern like Alta Infedelt. If you prefer to watch shows with a television, many cable companies offer a special package for Italian programming. Watch a Movie Whether its Roberto Benignis poignant , a neo-realismo film by Roberto Rossellini, or a Federico Fellini fantasy, an Italian language movie is another great way to practice Italian. Youll hear Italian spoken by many different attori and train your ear at the same time. If you’re watching from a computer, you can find many Italian movies on Netflix, like Cinema Paradiso or La tigre e la neve. If you can, avoid the subtitles to give yourself more of a challenge. Read the Lyrics Love Parole, parole by Mina? Look up the testo (lyrics) to the song and sing along. You can also turn it into a translation exercise using dictionaries like Context-Reverso and WordReference. Some classic songs to check out are: Piazza grande - Lucio DallaQuesto piccolo grande amore - Claudio BaglioniMe so’mbriacato - Mannarino Listen to an Audiobook If you love reading books, but you know you need more practice listening, you can combine those two factors by finding an audiobook to listen to in Italian. If you’re not in Italy, these aren’t the easiest to find, but it is possible to find excerpts of your favorite books, like Harry Potter, on YouTube. Listen to Podcasts One of the best ways to make use of tempi morti (dead time) for practicing Italian is by listening to podcasts in your car or while you’re doing a task that doesn’t require much of your attention, like ironing. You can listen to a podcast aimed at students like Al Dente, or you can listen to shows made for native speakers. Check Out Your Library Italian novels, travel guides, and books that describe Italy are excellent ways to enrich your learning experience. Read a parallel-text version (Italian and English side-by-side) of such classics as La Divina Commedia or Machiavellis , or try reading more modern Italian literature from authors like Enzo Biagi, Umberto Eco, Rossana Campo, Susanna Tamaro, or Oriana Fallaci. Investigate Your Neighborhood Close the textbooks, turn off the TV, and go out to find Italian-speaking people or other Italian language students in your own neighborhood. In many large cities there are Italian cultural institutes such as the IIC - Los Angeles, the Istituto Italiano di Cultura - New York, and the Italian Cultural Society - Washington, DC, which have language exchange programs. You can also choose to join an Italian conversation group, often sponsored by bookstores or Italian American societies. You can also find local groups (or start your own!) using Meetup.com. Hire an Italian Attend a group class in person or take one-on-one instruction using a site like VerbalPlanet or Italki. The structure and routine, paired with your independent study, will help you develop a foundation for advancing quickly in the language. This is a great environment for receiving immediate feedback and being able to practice pronunciation, like learning how to roll your rrrs. Expand Your Vocabulary Studies show that one of the biggest reasons language students find it hard to keep up in a foreign language is because their vocabularies aren’t large enough, so as you read books, listen to podcasts, and go to classes, make sure to be constantly compiling and reviewing vocabulary. The key word here is â€Å"review†. Find a tool that uses spaced-time repetition, enter what you learn, and review it on a daily basis. Some available tools are Cram, Memrise, and Anki. Go to Italian-Speaking Places Youve always wanted to visit your grandmothers hometown in Sicily, and you’re ready to venture beyond the travel memoirs that keep you daydreaming during work. When you’re at an intermediate level, traveling to Italy (or any other Italian-speaking area) will be a 360 degree classroom encouraging you to accelerate your learning. Plus, if you not only will you get to see Roman ruins, Renaissance masterpieces, and Raffaellos paintings, but you can also make friends with the locals!

Attributes Determining Lynettes Success in the Business Case Study - 2

Attributes Determining Lynettes Success in the Business - Case Study Example As a positivist, Lynette saw opportunities where previous managers found obstacles. In addition, the entrepreneur was able to free her mind from any disappointment in order to achieve the dream of profitable and expanded business. Patience: Lynette purchased the business with one clear mind of turning it around. It is evident from the case study that she assumed the role of a salesperson and spend a considerable amount of time trying to convince clients to renew their membership while at the same time registering new entrants by mainly focusing on corporate clients. Persistence: Certainly, the future holds the unknown and when Lynette purchased a loss-making business, she never got discouraged. Even with the numerous challenges that the entrepreneur had to come across, her persistence and sense of focus played a key role in meeting the dream of transforming the business back to profitability. Merger: The entrepreneur was operating in this line of business and this means she had some other businesses of similar nature. Bearing in mind the poor performance of this business, I would have considered merging it with other profitable businesses and change its name completely. This would have totally replaced the current business with one of the best performing businesses in the market hence attracting many clients. Offering discounts: I would introduce discount packages for both new entrants and clients renewing their registrations. This would not only act as a motivation to both groups but also indirectly boost new registrations through referrals and take advantage of reduced subscription fees. According to the case study, Lynette claims to have carried out homework before signing the ownership contract. Basically, not all entrepreneurs would consider purchasing a loss-making entity that is on verge of  collapsing. In this sense, by Lynette said to have done homework means that she had conducted research on this business. Such research must have revolved around this particular business to understand what was ailing it.

Clinical Manifestations, Causes and Treatments for Lupus Research Paper

Clinical Manifestations, Causes and Treatments for Lupus - Research Paper Example There are a number of variations of lupus, with the most common being systemic lupus erythematosus which affects the entire body. The causes of lupus are not fully known, although stress has been shown to play a role in the appearance of symptoms, and the presence of the disease itself is thought to be genetically linked. There is no known cure for the disease, although medication and treatment can help to alleviate some of the symptoms. Nevertheless, lupus sufferers can often lead relatively normal lives, and more than 80 percent survive the first ten years after diagnosis. Thesis statement Lupus is an autoimmune disease that affects a large number of systems and is difficult to diagnose. However, despite the fact that there is no known cure for the disease, treatments are available, and most people can live normal lives. Introduction The name lupus is from the Latin word for wolf due to the appearance of a facial rash which was thought to resemble the bite of a wolf . However, not all suffers get the rash, and it is not always severe . Lupus is an autoimmune disease, which results in the body perceiving its own tissues as invaders and raising an immune response against it. The disease can be present in several different body systems and substantially ranges in severity. Some cases of the disease are life threatening, while others can be trivial and little to no effect on daily activity. The result of this is that the disease can be extremely difficult to diagnosis . The primary means of diagnosing lupus is through the use of an anti-nuclear antibody test (ANA). However, this is not fully reliable, as many people have positive ANA results that do not have lupus, and some forms of lupus do not trigger a positive ANA result. For example, although many people are diagnosed with lupus through blood screening, only around ten percent of these actually have the disease . Consequently, a range of methods are used for diagnosis, and patients are often misdiagnosed man y times before being correctly diagnosed with lupus. Lupus varies in intensity, it can flare up with stronger symptoms for a time, and it can go into remission for many years at a time. The exact causes of flares or remission are unknown, but research suggests that stress is a likely driver of the severity of the symptoms . One of the most recognizable aspects of lupus is the red rash that many patients get. In many cases when the rash heals, there is no trace of it remaining . While most lupus sufferers have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there are other variations of the disease. Types of Lupus Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can affect all or most of the body, including the blood, joints, skin and often kidneys . The term â€Å"systemic† refers to all over, while erythematosus means red. This can affect any part of the body . The disease acts by the presence of antibodies in the bloodstream that attack components of the hosts system. Wherever these land, they cause inflammation and often pain. Symptoms vary substantially depending on where the antibodies are present. For example, some lupus patients have general aches, severe pain in their joints, a skin rash or an unusual blood count . SLE is the most common form of the disease, and this type is most often associated with the term lupus . For a person to be officially diagnosed with lupus (SLE variant), the disease must conform to four of 11 criteria. The criteria are broken down into three sections, the

Homosexuality in the Christian Church Essay Example for Free

Homosexuality in the Christian Church Essay Homosexuality is defined as consistent fantasy, interest and arousal toward a person of the same sex. Disagreement exists about the explanation of homosexuality. On the other hand, evidence supports the fact that homosexuality has existed throughout the history of humankind and is not just a development of the 20th century. Early psychoanalytic theory concluded that homosexuality developed from conflicts derived from early developmental disturbances. Investigators more in recent times have explored neuroendocrine explanations as a cause of homosexual development. The results of these studies have been controversial. On the other hand, a lot of experts believe that sexual orientation, whether heterosexual or homosexual, is the consequence of a multifaceted interface flanked by anatomic and hormonal influences during fetal growth. As investigators attempt to reply the question of etiology, others have worked to further define the incidence of homosexuality. Cognitive and communal expansion throughout adolescence is an intricate progression characterized by the acquisition of a sense of self-separate from family, a sexual independence, the capacity for intimacy and the ability to be autonomous. (The Christian Science Monitor) For those young people who grow a homosexual orientation in a society based on heterosexuality, the changeover all the way through adolescence is expanded and expressed to some extent in a different way throughout the stage of acquiring a sexual uniqueness. Interviews with gay and lesbian youth specify a general pattern in which an adolescent accepts his or her own homosexuality. It is the sexual orientation toward people of the same sex. Homosexuality contrasts with heterosexuality, sexual orientation toward people of the opposite sex. People with a sexual orientation toward members of both sexes are called bisexuals. Female homosexuals are often called lesbians. In modern years, the word gay has been applied to both homosexual men and women. Homosexuality appears in almost all societal contexts within unlike community settings, socioeconomic levels, and cultural and dutiful groups. The number of homosexuals in the inhabitants is not easy to find out, and dependable data do not subsist. Nevertheless, current estimates propose that the term homosexual may relate to 2 to 4 percent of men. Estimates for lesbians are lesser. Not all people who slot in homosexual commotion essentially classify themselves as homosexual. (Zgourides, G. ) The move toward greater unity among Protestant denominations has continued in the 21st century; however, within denominations there is still conflict between conservatives and moderates or liberals. One for the most part divisive issue is homosexuality. Denominations debate whether to ordain practicing homosexuals and whether to bar clergy from performing same-sex marriage ceremonies. Some churches condemn all homosexual activity, while others refuse to do so. Consequently, according to the same religious law that many of them use when religiously citing the gay and lesbian community, countless, reputable Christian leaders today, especially within African America, are in a word adulterers. However, you will not readily read of religious leaders publicly denouncing the social and spiritual validity of their fellow divorced clergy who have married more than once, like you will their `cry loud and spare not public cries relating to gay and lesbians desiring the equal choice and right to marry only once. There exists no evidence that suggests Jesus ever discussed same-sex anything, publicly or privately, during his ministry. However, Christ, the bedrock of modern-day Christianity, did publicly condemn religious leaders of his age for granting bills of divorcement. However, wading through all the hype in the media these days one might just conclude the opposite. (Knutson, D. C. ) It is considered an act of unconditional grace to say that the immeasurable, unmerited grace available from God stops only at the sin of adultery. Does Gods amazing grace cover only those sins of Old Testament law that are socially comfortable by todays standards? Let me put it another way: Is divorce (absent of unfaithfulness) a sin? Many Christians might respond, and there is plenty of scripture to back that up. Then will God consider the bed of that remarried person defiled? Most would probably respond, No, absolutely not, because of the New Testament law of grace, and there is plenty of scripture to support this. Christian churches historically have discriminated, excluded, and persecuted homosexuals on the basis of their sexuality. The emergence of new social attitudes and modernization has contributed to the easing of such taboos. However, the role of the church to defend minorities has led to serious conflicts between the gay community and the churchs prohibition of homosexuality. Within the Christian churches, homosexually oriented people have been excluded, marginalized and persecuted in the great majority of cases. The relatively few exceptions, which are known, are seldom taken into account. John Boswell, from whom the most important studies in this area have come, has found examples of liturgical forms for the union of same-sex partners from the churches of Asia Minor. Nevertheless, it must be said in general that in societies, which have morally proscribed homosexual relations, treated them as taboo or legally forbidden them, the sexual ethic upheld by the churches has not represented a divergent position. (Bauserman, R. ) New reflection by the churches in this area began only under the influence of a shift in social attitudes towards sexuality. The processes of modernization and secularization were accompanied by a removal of sexuality from the realm of taboo and a new respect for the private sphere. Furthermore, since the end of the 19th century modern sexual research has brought new insights into how the sexual identity of persons is formed. In addition, constitutional provisions guaranteeing the rule of law have made it possible for the first time for homosexual people to organize and struggle publicly for the abolition of discriminatory laws and regulations. For the most part the churches have supported the decriminalization of homosexuality only hesitantly. Nor was this new orientation primarily the consequence of new biblical insights or spiritual experiences; rather, the reconsideration was touched off by other factors. In the first place, personal encounter with gay or lesbian people, once they no longer had to conceal themselves but could begin to speak for themselves, was certainly important. As a rule, living alongside homosexual persons on the job, in the neighborhood, within the circle of friends or relatives leads to a reconsideration of traditional social or individual prejudices. A second factor was the exposure of individuals or groups in a good number of churches and congregations to the investigations and findings of modern empirical research on sexuality. However, this research is academically institutionalized (usually in connection with faculties of medicine) in only a few countries; and church declarations on sexual ethics draw explicitly on scientific sexological research only rarely and usually in passing. Finally, it should be noted that quite a few churches have accepted the decriminalization of homosexuality and the principle of non-discrimination against people because of sexual orientation through decisions by their competent governing bodies without however immediately reconsidering their own moral convictions and reservations on the issue. Churches time and again have a great deal of freedom for autonomous structuring of their ordinances and especially their offices. They should work at abolishing any remaining discrimination because of individual sexual orientation in the right to hold office and accept homosexual persons as office-bearers of course, as in the case of all office-bearers, according to the measure of their suitability for the growth of the community. (Boswell, J)

Michael Moore :: essays research papers

Michael Moore ‘Michael Moore is one of the most popular but also one of the most feared and hated people in America’. Why is this? Michael Moore is seen by the American society as a representative to the people, or as a public disturbance, expressing the views of an ‘average American’ to the rest of the world, in such mediums as film, text, presentations and interviews. There are many reasons to Michael Moore’s popularity and hate, which all come from his productions and beliefs. The way Moore delivers his information to the society comes in many different forms, and strikes up many different views upon his opinion as well. The views that arise in Michael Moore’s ideas and plans are taken to a higher scale than the ordinary American citizen and people fear Moore will run in politics one day. Some of his words are controversial, others pure fact and some statements are stretched far out of context. Many of Michael’s ideas run through his film, Bowling for Columbine, his multiple press/film conferences and award ceremonies and many interviews with highly ranked people. Focusing on this film, many issues and themes are present from a single movie length feature. Michael Moore raises such issues as violence, crime and killings, but most importantly, gun laws. Michael Moore presents information and facts to the people, because they need to know. Michael strongly believes in this, as many people can see, how Moore mercilessly uses his tricks and taunts to lure out important pieces of information from his interviewees, and making fools of them. With this point, it is one of the main reasons why Michael Moore is one of the most feared or hated people in America. With many different groups having their own opinions upon this man, Michael believes himself to be informing the people about issues he himself would like to know about. And no matter how this information is drawn out, he is there to present it. Throughout his movie ‘Bowling for Columbine’, Michael uses a different variety of ways to present his information to the viewers, including dramatic, humorous, shocking, satirical ways to convey his message.

Mouth And Tooth Health Situation Health And Social Care Essay

Background & A ; purposes: Being healthy depends on consideration and planning in all its influencing factors. Bing one of the PHC parts, Mouth and Tooth Health has been recognized as one of the 11 twenty-first century mottos. DMFT is a simple, fast- stretch and dependable index in finding Mouth and Tooth Health state of affairs. Third -grade simple school pupils ‘ age is a period between deciduous and lasting dentitions being during which assorted dentitions can be seen and DMFT finding is possible. This survey was done to happen pupils ‘ tooth and oral cavity wellness state of affairs by utilizing DMFT index in Persian Gonabad metropolis in 2008. Methodology: All 3rd class simple school pupils ( N=529 ) life in Gonabad were examined and interviewed under the supervising of tooth doctors in this descriptive, cross-sectional survey to happen their Tooth and Mouth Health state of affairs. Assorted informations garnering techniques were used in the survey such as DMFT index checklist, questionnaire, disposable mirror and particular catather. The informations were analyzed by SPSS package utilizing T-Test, correlativity coefficient and ANOVA. Consequences: The findings showed that 51.2 per centum of pupils were male childs and 48.8 per centum were misss. 77.3 per centum and merely 77.3 per centum of them used tooth brush and dental floss, severally. Their dmft was 3.86A ±1.11 and DMFT 1.04A ±0.22 demoing important differences between two sexes. Furthermore, 8.3 per centum of pupils did non hold any rotten tooth. One-way ANOVA showed a important relation between brushing times and the related index. It was besides found that parents ‘ educational degree and household size had important relation with DMFT. Decision: The consequences showed that Third category simple school pupils populating in Gonabad followed countrywide forms and their oral cavity and tooth wellness state of affairs was instead suited. CF did non hold any important relation with countrywide scope. But this is at the mean degree in conformity with WHO ends. It seems necessary to carry on planned steps to advance KAP and fix indispensable resources and besides reexamine the disposal method and cost -effectiveness of some measurings such as Fluoride therapy. Cardinal Wordss: Tooth and Mouth Health, Students, DMFT Index, CF Index.IntroductionTooth decay is the bacterial disease of tooth calcificated tissues identified by demineralisation of different non-organic parts and laying waste of tooth organic stuff. Tooth-decaying factors can be classified like those of other infective diseases: these include host-related factors ( salivary combination, tooth sleight ) environmental factors ( nutrition, Fluoride ) and micro beings ( 1 ) . Research shows that tooth decay as a multi-factor disease is affected badly by legion factors such as parents ‘ instruction, economical position of the household, household size and oral cavity & A ; tooth wellness ( 2 ) . This is the most widespread disease among people ; 99 % of the universe population catch it and few individuals are non affected by it during their lives ( 3 ) . Tooth-related decay is still one of the chief jobs in dental medicine and particular attending must be paid to it in current redresss. Both mending processs and preventative steps will hold to be planned so that tooth disintegrate might be decreased. The most of import index to show tooth decay rate in people is DMFT norm. The figure of rotten, filled and extracted dentitions of all people in the society should be counted and their norms be calculated in order to happen the community DMFT. DMFT Average is a simple, easily-reachable and mensurable index in dental medicine which has been used for some decennaries. If one wishes to exemplify milk teeth state of affairs, the index is represented by â€Å" dmft † although calculated in the same manner as mentioned above. Other important indices consist of DMFS, OHI, and the per centum of people without any decay ( particularly for kids ) ( CF ) ( 5 ) . Tooth and oral cavity are considered so of import in carry throughing and publicity of wellness that it has been one of the outstanding mottos in 21th century. ( 6 ) On the other manus, complete acknowledgment of teeth state of affairs and therapeutical demands of different age groups is one of the most considerable affairs in health-theraputical planning. The necessity to hold right informations on the footing of international criterions comparable to other 1s has been taken into consideration by researches and contrivers ( 7 ) . In other words, finding assorted indices related to oral cavities and tooth wellness state of affairs in different age and societal groups and at some clip periods is so indispensable that a instead perfect position of the present status must be developed to build the foundation of comparing the planned purposes of World Dental Federation ( FDI ) until the twelvemonth 2010 ( 8 ) . Knowing DMFT ( dmft ) and other indices allows the communities to develop their plans to better bar and intervention. For case, school plans advancing non-decayed tooth index in kids focus on Fluoride ingestion in Greece. The same undertaking is carried out in Sweden ( 9 ) . WHO research commission was organized in 1992 in Geneva to supervise oral cavity and tooth wellness which emphasizes Fluoride ingestion. This organisation besides stresses commanding on a regular basis the tooth and oral cavity wellness every five old ages in all states ( 10 ) . Measuring DMFT index is conducted by Persian Mouth and Tooth Health Office every four to five old ages in Iran along with Iranian Health & A ; Treatment Ministry and WHO policies from 1998 in 3, 6, 9, 12 year-old age groups ( 1 ) . Lebanon has the highest DMFT degree ( 5.7 ) , Pakistan owns the lowest 1 ( 0.9 ) and Iran gets the mean degree among states of EMRO part ( 12 ) . The consequences of countrywide surveies showed that dmft mean degree in Persian 9 year-old kids is 3.35 and DMFT is 0.97 most of which is related to tooth decay index ( 11 ) . In conformity with WHO report, in the twelvemonth 2000 the mean of dmft & A ; DMFT in Iran was approximately mean so that they were in the lowest degree in Bushehr and Yazd metropoliss and at the highest in Zanjan and Sahrekord metropoliss ( 1 ) . Since kids are the most susceptible groups against tooth decay and have the highest rate of incidence, finding dmft and its influencing factors is one of the foremost purposes of assorted researches in different states. The same surveies have been done in Iran. Unfortunately few of dmft surveies have dealt with 9-year old kids, whereas the rate of DMFT surveies on 12-year old kids has been reported to be higher. Therefore, this survey was carried out to find oral cavity & A ; tooth wellness status particularly dmft and DMFT indices of 9 year-old kids populating in Gonabad metropolis in the twelvemonth 2008.Methodology:This was a descriptive and cross-sectional survey which was carried out on third-grade simple school pupils populating in Go nabad metropolis. All of the pupils at this degree ( 529 1s ) were selected. The ground to take this degree was that 9 year-old age period is the last period of milk dentitions being and is a suited clip to measure decay badness of lasting dentitions and besides monitor oral cavity and tooth wellness status after carry oning interventional steps for pupils. In Iran Mouth and Tooth wellness state of affairs monitoring for kids is done in 3, 6, 9 and 12 year-old age groups. DMFT and dmft indices must be measured in 9 year-old kids due to assorted tooth period ( DMFT and dmft ) . DMFT and dmft include D ( vitamin D ) stand foring decayed dentitions whose colour is changed or particular catather inserted into them and caught. M ( m ) represents missed dentitions which are extracted due to being decayed. F ( degree Fahrenheit ) represents filled dentitions which are repaired because of decay. The data-gathering method included observation ( scrutiny ) , interview, enrollment of informations and besides DMFT index checklist. The research workers referred to schools after holding mandate from the governments. Then the pupils were informed of the purposes of the research and their dentitions were examined by tooth doctors in a suited topographic point ; questionnaire were filled in and collected through organized interviews.Various tools were used in this survey including: absolang, disposable mirror, torch, and particular catather.The informations were so an alyzed by SPSS package utilizing cardinal statistical indices, Independent T-test, correlativity coefficient and Analysis of Variance.Consequences:Of the 529 participants in this survey, 48.8 per centum were misss and 51.2 were male childs. 77.3 per centum of these pupils brushed their dentitions while 22.7 per centum did non. Merely 8.32 per centum of pupils used dental floss as a utile technique to maintain their tooth healthy. The per centum of brushing dentitions by the pupils ‘ parents were as follows: 11.53 % male parents, 30.81 % female parents and 13.99 both parents brushed their dentitions on a regular footing. On the other manus, 43.67 per centum of the parents did non brush their dentitions at all. The consequences showed that the norm of dmft and DMFT were3.86A ±1.11 and 1.04A ±0.22, severally which are shown in table two. There was non any important difference between DMFT and dmft norm with their countrywide norm. The consequences showed that index per centum of kids without any decay ( Caries Free ) was 8.3.T- trial did non illustrated any important relation between two sexes ( Table no.3 ) . The consequences of the survey showed that dmft index decreased significantly as parents education degree increased ( p=0.04 ) so that it was 4.3 in kids whose parents ‘ educational degree was at simple degree and reached 2.2 for kids whose parents had high educational degree. On the other manus, dmft index increased as household size increased ( p=0.031 ) . In add-on, correlativity coefficient showed a important relation between dmft and DMFT indices in kids ‘ group ( Table No.4 ) . On the footing of conducted scrutiny, 28.92 per centum of kids need to hold their decayed dentition extracted, 66.35 per centum of them should hold them filled. Furthermore 7.6 per centum had unhealthy gums.Discussion:The present survey showed that dmft index norm among the participants of this survey is 3.86A ±1.11. This class does non demo any important difference in comparing with countrywide dmft norm which is 3.35A ±0.01. ( P=0.08 ) DMFT norm ( 1.04A ±0.22 ) does non exemplify important difference with countrywide DMFT norm ( 0.97A ±0.05 ) every bit good ( P= 0.071 ) . DMFT and dmft norms in this survey were the same as those achieved in H. Samadzadeh ( 14 ) , D. Safavi ( 15 ) and H. Nurelahian ( 16 ) . On the other manus, the Independent T-Test did non demo any important difference in dmft and DMFT indices in two sexes so that dmft and DMFT norms in male childs were 3.74 and 1.02, severally and in misss were 3.99 and 1.07, severally. These consequences are the same as those found in L. Basir ( 17 ) , M. G. Motlagh ( 18 ) , Memar ( 19 ) , S.S.Ashrafizadeh ( 20 ) and L.Tumarian. DMFT and dmft agencies in the misss were a small higher than those of male childs in this survey and the above-named 1s, but this difference was non important. 22.7 per centum of kids did non brush at all.17.5 of kids in. M.M.Fanis ‘ survey did non brush either ( 22 ) .In their surveies, S.S Ashrafzadeh and L. Tumarin study this figure to be 21 and 32.7, severally ( 20, 21 ) . Harmonizing to N. Memar, if the quality and method of right brushing had been considered, thi s figure might hold exceeded the present one ( 19 ) . The consequence of One-Way Analysis of Variance showed that there was a important relation between dmft & A ; DMFT rates and brushing times so that when brushing times increased, the rates of these indices decreased excessively. These consequences are in line with N. Memar ‘ consequences ( 19 ) . Despite a lessening in DMFT rate, there was non any important relation between this index and an addition in brushing times in M. Motlagh survey ( 23 ) . The per centum of kids without any rotten tooth ( CF ) was 8.3. In this survey, there was non any important difference between this index and countrywide one ( 11/5 % ) . ( P=0.21 ) CF index was 10.7 in L.Tumarian ‘ survey ( 21 ) . Boys and misss ‘ CF index were 8/1and 8/5, severally which did non demo any important difference between two sexes despite its being higher in the misss. ( P=0.12 ) The same consequences in this index were verified in B.Ajami ( 24 ) and H. Nurelahian ( 16 ) . CF index in 9 year-old kids is really low due to assorted dental period because both milk and lasting dentition may be decayed taking to CF lessening in 9 year-old kids. In malice of instead acceptable indices of utilizing coppice, the per centum of dental floss use was well low in this survey ( 8.32 % ) .These consequences are the same as those in S.Ashrafizadeh ( 7.5 % ) and L. Tumarian ( 11 % ) . It seems that utilizing dental floss is non widespread among Persian households and that countrywide preparation should be conducted to advance this utile technique and that members of the society should hold entree to it in order to better their oral cavity and tooth wellness. The present research shows that dmft of pupils whose parents ‘ educational degree is higher ( 2/2 ) is well lower than pupils whose parents ‘ educational degree is simple ( 21.3 ) ( P=0.04 ) . This consequence was similar to those of N.Memar ( 19 ) , A. Davari ( 25 ) , K.Salem ( 26 ) in that DMFT and dmft rates decreased as parents ‘ educational degree went up. It seems that this variable affects dmft from two facets, in which increasing parents ‘ cognition degree is the more of import of the two. This fact is besides proved in Downer ( 27 ) , Seow and Amaratungo ( 28 ) , Aajabi and Hamdan ( 29 ) and Afshar & A ; Shafizadeh ( 30 ) which have been conducted in Poland, Australia, Jordan and Iran, severally. The other influence of parents ‘ educational degree in Iran is that households with higher instruction normally enjoy suited economical state of affairs which in bend leads to the publicity of their kids ‘s ‘ tooth and oral cavity wellness state of affairs. Furthermore, it has been proved that there is a important relation between mentioning to dentistry and parents ‘ educational degree in other similar surveies. In contrast, an addition in household size leads to a lessening in cognition which makes the economical state of affairs even worse with the effect that less attending is paid to taking attention of kids. In the present survey, like those of M.Gh.Motlegh ( 18 ) and M.M.Fani ( 22 ) , dmft increased as household size increased, demoing a important difference between the two variables ( P=0.031 ) Pierson correlativity coefficient demonstrated that dmft & A ; DMFT addition at the same time ( direct important relation ) .Therefore, it is of paramount importance to see the issue that taking attention of milk dentitions leads to the betterment of the wellness of lasting dentitions, which is against the public sentiment that milk dentitions wellness does non merit much attending due to their lasting nature. Based on the findings of this survey, oral cavity and teeth wellness state of affairs among 9 year-old kids in Gonabad metropolis is instead acceptable in comparing with countrywide state of affairs, but it lies in the mean degree with respect to WHO standards. Therefore, it is necessary to see cardinal options and rapid planning to forestall tooth and oral cavity diseases due to the high population of pupils in Iran. It is, hence, hoped that cardinal steps be conducted in future through the attempts of Persian high ranking functionaries in Health & A ; Treatment sector, and de dicated and experts and researches. In decision, it is suggested that remedial wellness classs be held in simple schools for both pupils and wellness trainers and instructors. Sing the society, it is suggested that Mouth and Tooth Health Education be done for the households while stressing fissur sealant intervention, proper distribution of wellness and preventative devices like coppice, toothpaste, dental floss and so on. It is besides considered critical to non overlook cost-effectiveness of activities sing Mouth and Tooth Health.Recognition:The writers wish to thank all functionaries of Education Office, principals and instructors of simple schools in Gonabad for their sort aid and cooperation throughout this survey.

Impact of martin luther king on civil rights Essay

Eyes on the Prize, American’s Civil Rights years, 1954-1965, Juan Williams Eyes on the Prize, Juan Williams On the bus boycott â€Å"When the trial of the boycott leaders began in Alabama, the national press got its first good look at Martin Luther King Jr., the first defendant. Four days later, King was found guilty. The sentence was a $500 fine and court costs, or 386 days of hard labour. The judge explained that he had imposed this minimal penalty† because King had promoted non-violence. King was released on bond; his indictment and conviction became front-page news across the nation† Eyes on the Prize, Juan Williams, pg 130 from an Interview with Diane Nash who led the campaign to desegregate the lunch counters of Nashville’s department stores ‘I think it’s really important that young people understand that the movement of the sixties was really a people’s movement. The media and history seem to record it as Martin Luther King’s movement, but young people just like them, their age, that formulated goals and strategies, and actually developed the movement.â⠂¬  pg195 â€Å"Kennedy delivered a new civil rights bill to Congress on June 19. Stronger than the bill that had died in Congress at the beginning of the year, the new bill would outlaw segregation in all interstate public accommodations, allow the attorney general to initiate suits for school integration, and give the attorney general the important power to shut off funds to any federal programs in which discrimination occurred. It also contained a provision that helped ensure the right to vote by declaring that a person who had a sixth-grade education would be presumed to be literate. King, the SCLC, CORE the NAACP, SNCC, and other civil rights groups had no intention of allowing this bill to die in Congress. To demonstrate the strength of public demand for this legislation, they would march on Washington. pg262 â€Å"On February 4 the militant Black Muslim minister Malcolm X came to speak in Selma at the invitation of SNCC. At first, King’s colleagues feared that the controversial leader might incite the local people and jeopardise King’s control of the movement. King was still in jail was Malcolm X told a capacity crowd at Brown’s Chapel that â€Å"the white people should thank Dr King  for holding people in check, for there are other (black leaders) who do not believe in these (nonviolent) measures.† Access to History – Civil Rights 1945-1968 â€Å"Birmingham was the first time that King had really led the movement†¦.’There never was more skilful manipulation of the media than there was in Birmingham,’ said a leading SCLC staffer. While little changed in Birmingham, SCLC had shown America that Southern segregation was very unpleasant†¦In the summer of 1963 protests throughout the South owed inspiration to Birmingham. King had shown that he could lead from the front and force desegregation, if through rather artificially engineered violence.† â€Å"The historian Stephen Oates described Selma as ‘the movement’s finest hour. King thought the national criticism of ‘Bloody Sunday’ was ‘a shining moment in the conscience of man. There were sympathetic interracial marches in cities such as Chicago, Detroit, New York and Boston. Johnson and Congress probably would not have delivered the Voting Rights Act without Selma.† â€Å"The best way to judge his significance might be to look at what followed his death: the national direct action phase of the civil rights movement died with him. The Poor People’s Campaign fizzled out under his successor Ralph Abernathy. Without King SCLC collapsed. However it is not certain that the civil rights movement would have progressed any further had King lived. We have seen that King failed in Chicago. Other black activists were becoming more impatient and their frequent extremism was important in generating a white backlash.† â€Å"If King had never lives, the black struggle would have followed a course of development similar to the one it did. The Montgomery bus boycott would have occurred, because King did not initiate it. Black students†¦had sources of tactical and ideological inspiration besides King.† Professor Claybourne Carson – Access to History â€Å"Whites and blacks became increasingly critical of him. When he toured riot-stricken Cleveland, Ohio, black teenagers mocked and ignored him. He knew he has raised their hopes but failed to fulfil them. Many blacks thought him too moderate.† â€Å"King admitted that SCLC achieved little in the three years after Montgomery. Then the civil rights movement exploded into life again in February 1960. Initially King had nothing to do with it†¦When  a Greensboro SCLC members contacted him, King quickly arrived to encourage the students and assure them of full SCLC support, saying ‘What is new in your fight it the fact that it was initiated, fed, and sustained by students.’ Atlanta students persuaded King to join them in sit-ins. As in Montgomery, King was led rather than leading.† Adam Fairclough, Better Day Coming. Blacks and Equality, 1890-2000 (Penguin, 2001) ‘In some ways it was the obstinacy of the whites in Montgomery, not the deliberate planning of the blacks, that turned the boycott into an international cause cà ©là ¨bre. After all, blacks in Montgomery asked only for a fairer application of â€Å"separate but equal,† not an end to segregation itself†¦ In a similar way, Martin Luther King Jr., only emerged as the symbol of the protest when whites began to persecute him. Whites calculated that by breaking King, they could break the boycott; instead they made King a martyr, a hero, and the outstanding symbol of black resistance.’ (227-228) ‘The sit-in movement made a massive dent in the structure of segregation. In the Deep South, crushed by violence and arrests, they failed to integrate lunch counters. But in the upper South, and in the â€Å"rim South† states of Florida and Texas, they proved effective. The disruption caused by the sit-ins themselves, and the economic impact of consumer boycotts, hurt the dime stores: the profits of Woolworth, the main target, plummeted. Downtown merchants as a group also suffered. The cash-register logic of the sit-ins proved hard to resist: on March 19, 1960, San Antonio, Texas, became the first city in the South to desegregate its lunch counters; Nashville did so in May; by the end of the year, store owners in at least eighty towns and cities had agreed to serve blacks.’ (245) ‘The force of the 1963 demonstrations so surprised and disturbed white Americans that the Kennedy administration decided to fundamentally revise its approach to the civil rights question. The nonviolent revolt had riveted the attention of the nation onto the South, revealing the underlying ugliness of the Jim Crow system. The federal government realized that segregation was destabilizing the South and embarrassing the United States in the eyes of the world. The government also worried that racial conflict and violence might engulf the entire nation.’ (279) William H. Chafe, Raymond Gavins and Robert Korstad (eds), Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South (The New Press, 2001) Mai Young on the inequalities in segregated education: ‘Lots of these youngsters now don’t remember. They really don’t. You tell them things that happened, they just can’t believe it. That’s why they can’t appreciate Martin Luther King because they don’t know what happened. They really don’t know what happened during those days. Hard to visualize it.’ (187) Charles Gratton: ‘To challenge white people was just the wrong thing to do. You just automatically grow up inferior, and you had the feeling that white people were better than you†¦ Most blacks in the South felt that way until the late fifties and sixties when Dr. [Martin Luther] King [Jr.] come along with his philosophy, and it started giving black people some hope that the way we were being treated wasn’t right and this thing can change. Just some hope that we were waiting on. Whenever I would hear Dr. King talk, it seemed like he was touching me from the inside. He could touch your feeling from the inside, things that you would want to say but you just didn’t know how, things that were right and wrong but you kept inside of you because you didn’t know how to express it. So he was a really good leader and a great man, and I think he done a wonderful job in what he done for our people as a whole.’ (8) Howell Raines, My Soul is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered (Penguin Books, 1977) Franklin McCain (involved in student sit-ins): ‘We knew that probably the most powerful and potent weapon that people have literally no defense for is love, kindness. That is, whip the enemy with something that he doesn’t understand.’ Raines: ‘How much was the example of Dr. King and the Montgomery Bus Boycott on your mind in that regard?’ McCain: ‘Not very much. The individual who had probably most influence on us was Gandhi, more than any single individual. During the time that the Montgomery Bus Boycott was in effect, we were tots for the most part, and we barely heard of Martin Luther King. Yes, Martin Luther King’s name was well-known when the sit-in movement was in effect, but to pick out Martin Luther King as a hero†¦ I don’t want you to misunderstand what I’m about to say: Yes, Martin Luther King was a hero†¦ No, he was not the individual that we had upmost in mind when we started the sit-in movement.’ (79) Laurie Pritchett (police chief of Albany Georgia in 1961): ‘They came to Montgomery, and I was in Montgomery when they marched there†¦ I will never forget one day there I heard the clap, it sounded like thunder, and we looked up, and it was the sheriff’s posse on those horses, and the sparks were flyin’ off of the shoes as they came down the street. And they went into the crowd with bull whips, they run up on the porches†¦ some of the horses were cut at, which I can’t much blame the people. But this created that problem there, and, as I stated before, Dr. King, when he left Albany, in his own words and in the words of the New York Heral Tribune, was a defeated man. In my opinion, right or wrong, if Birmingham had reacted as Albany, Georgia did†¦ theyd never got to Selma. Dr. King, through his efforts, was instrumental in passin’ the Public Accommodations [Act] but the people that were most responsible was â€Å"Bull† Connor and Sheriff Clark†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (366) Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters The SNCC leaders were in a bind. They wanted a â€Å"people’s movement,† like SNCC itself, and yet without King, the Wells march had had little impact on the outside world, and without such impact it was nearly impossible to inspire more of Albany’s ordinary people to take up the crusade. What they needed was the use of King’s influence without his suffocating glory, and it was all the more galling that they were obliged to ask to King to reform himself accordingly – Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters, p. 614 As President Kennedy and the Attorney General had anxiously awaited the outcome of the showdown with Governor Wallace, a telegram came in from Martin Luther King on the â€Å"beastly conduct of law enforcement officers at Danville.† Asserting once again that â€Å"the Negro’s endurance may be at breaking point,† King implored the Administration to seek a â€Å"just and moral† solution†¦. Given his recent sensitiv ity to King’s opinions, these urgings may have influenced President Kennedy’s extraordinary decision to make†¦ a civil rights address on national television.† Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters, p. 823 Professor Eleanor Holmes Norton, â€Å"reviewing Parting the Waters†, in the New York Times, November 27th 1988 http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/06/specials/branch-waters.html By the  time Mr. Branch left home to attend the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1964, †the people I met were already more interested in Vietnam.† In his view, however, †the civil rights movement was why they cared about Vietnam.† It was King and others, he believes, who first opened the door for his generation to †look at the world from a moral perspective. It occurred to me that the most fundamental political questions were, in fact, moral questions.† It was the awareness of those moral questions that steered Mr. Branch away from his premed major in college and toward political philosophy and an eventual writing career. In †Parting the Waters† Mr. Branch aims to re-create for others the same sense of King as a man of power and complexity that he experienced in his college years. †King was considered passe by 1966, even before people like Stokely Carmichael; he was considered almost an Uncle Tom. I knew there was something wrong with that attitude. If he was that shallow, then how did I get here?’ The autobiography of Martin Luther King, JR. Edited by Clayborne Carson, published in 1999 In 1960 an electrifying movement of Negro students shattered the placid surface of campuses and communities across the South. The young students of the South, through sit-ins and other demonstrations, gave America a glowing example of disciplined, dignified nonviolent action against the system of segregation. Though confronted in many places by hoodlums, police guns, tear gas, arrests, and jail sentences, the students tenaciously continued to sit down and demand equal service at variety store lunch counters, and they extended their protest from city to city. Spontaneously born, but guided by the theory of nonviolent resistance, the lunch counter sit-ins accomplished integration in hundreds of communities at the swiftest range of change in the civil rights movement up to that time. This was the time of our greatest stress [when the children were used in Birmingham], and the courage and conviction of those students and adults made it our finest hour. We did not fight back, but we did not turn back. We did not give way to bitterness. Some few spectators, who had not been trained in the discipline of nonviolence, reacted to the brutality of the policemen by throwing rocks and bottles. But the demonstrators remained nonviolent. In the face of this resolution and bravery, the moral conscience of the nation was deeply stirred, and all over the country, our fight became  the fight of decent Americans of all races and creeds. Selma brought us a voting rights bill, and it also brought us the grand alliance of the children of light in this nation and made possible changes in our political and economic life heretofore undreamed of. With President Johnson, SCLC viewed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 as ‘one of the most monumental laws in the history of American freedom’. We had a federal law which could be used, and use it we would. Where it fell short, we had our tradition of struggle and the method of nonviolent direct action, and these we would use. Hodgson, Godfrey (2009) Martin Luther King, Quercus p. 5 The speech was at once sermon and political argument. He was talking to several audiences at once. He was directly addressing the thousands who were there in front of him in Washington’s Mall. Over their heads he was reaching out to southern blacks and northern whites, to the tens of millions of undecided white Americans, willing to be persuaded that the time was ripe to end the embarrassing southern folkways of segregation, yet reluctant to be carried away on radical paths. He was reaching out to the powerless in southern plantations and the angry in northern ghettos, and most of all to the powerful, only just beyond the reach of his voice a mile or so up the Mall on Capitol Hill. So he wove together difference languages for different listeners. He borrowed the emotional power of the Old Testament with an echo of the stately music of Handel’s Messiah. He also appealed to the sacred texts of the American secular religion, echoing the grand simplicities of Jefferson†™s Declaration of Independence and Lincoln’s Gettysburg address. p. 67 Seven years after the Brown judgement, progress for black people was still frustratingly difficult. To be sure, although the white South, or at least most of its leaders in the Deep South, had said ‘Never!’ to school desegregation, schools had begun to desegregate, especially after President Eisenhower’s reluctant decision†¦to send in the 101st Airborne Division to protect nine black children admitted by court order to Central High School  in Little Rock, Arkansas. Around the edges, the segregated south was shrinking. p. 75 second paragraph The Southern Christian Leadership Conference found itself, almost immediately after its foundation, the third major Negro organisation [the other two were NAACP and National Urban League]. It was southern, it was dominated by ministers, especially but not entirely Baptists, and it had the advantage of being led by someone as gifted, as dynamic and as well known nationally as Martin Luther King Jr. It lacked the membership and financial strength of the two older organisations, as well as suffering from less obvious disadvantages. King was an inspiring leader and, if pointed in the right direction, an effective fundraiser. But he was neither a particularly good administrator, nor especially interested in administration. p. 79 The freedom rides represented a new and hard test for Martin Luther King. More than once the SNCC demonstrators raised, directly and in the most personal terms, the question of his personal courage. He argued, and Wyatt Walker argued for him, that he must stay out of jail to raise money, to direct the movement and to lead his people. He was on probation, he said. They said they were on probation too. They expected him to go with them. When, on May 27 in Montgomery, he refused to join them on the bus to Mississippi, he said he must choose ‘the where and when of his own Golgotha’. They accused him flatly of cowardice. King had already shown, and would show again and again, that he was no coward. But he did not want to be told when and where he should risk his liberty and his life by a group of passionately committed by somewhat unfriendly students. The freedom rides no only marked a widening gap between King and the students, which grew into institutional rivalry between the SCLC and SNCC and raised deep and dangerous disagreements about the tactics and the strategy of the movement; they also prefigured the way the struggle would develop over the next five years, and set the course for the rest of his life. p. 82 From the spring of 1961, King found himself between two fires. He had to deal, now , not only with the intransigence of southern white segregationists, but with the impatience and suspicion of young Negroes who  wanted to go faster than he was yet ready to go.

Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI) The WritePass Journal

Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI) Scenario Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI) ). Introduction The scenario, which is to be explored in this report, relates to the study by Frost et.al. (2000) which sought to understand the psychosocial morbidity and health concerns accompanying individuals perceived increased risk of cancer.   The questionnaires to test this included the Bipolar Profile of Mood States (POMS-BI).   This sought to understand how each individual’s experience and their mood states changed on a daily basis (Frost et.al. 2013).   These two factors are often highly variable from individual to individual (Lorr, 1984: Lorr, McNair Heuchert, 1984).   This is because changes in their experiences and mood states may be affected by consuming different food or drink, all social interactions, any life events, which may occur in conjunction with the effects of any drugs or prescribed medications, which the patient may be taking (Loke, Hinrichs Ghoneim, 1985). The POMS-BI test was developed to assess all of the possible factors, which may influence an individual mood states negatively, or positivity (Lorr, 1984: Lorr, McNair Heuchert, 1984).   These mood states may range from an individual being extremely happy to depressed, agreeable to aggressive, anxious to cool, calm and collected, clear headed to confused, assertive to unconfident and lethargic to energetic (Lorr, 1984; Lorr, McNair Heuchert, 1984).   It was believed that in clinical settings only the negative states, which have been described, were measured as individuals ignored any positive feelings.   However, the PMOS-BI test allowed both positive and negative states to be measured and observed in a clinical setting. Suitability of the items The POMS-BI test is based on the principle that it can be used to identify both positive and negative moods states and feelings when it is used on psychiatric patients.   This enables health professionals to identify the patient’s current clinical condition.   Furthermore, it may be used to measure the effectiveness of treatments such as, various psychotropic drug treatments, which may be utilised for patients presenting with anxiety or depression disorders (Lorr, McNair Fisher, 1982).   Each of these items, which the POMS-BI test is able to measure, can also be used to understand the effectiveness of other treatments such as, relaxation therapy or cognitive behavioural therapy.   It may also be utilised to compare a variety of personality disorders (Svrakic, Przybeck, Cloninger, 1992) which have been outlined in DSM III. The POMS-BI test has two sections, one, which focuses on how patients feel in their present state, and one, which determines how they have felt over the last week.   The section which focuses on their present state of mind asks the patient to rate how they feel.   They are given a number of options within the questionnaire and have to choose the most appropriate of these.   The second part of the questionnaire asks them to rate when they have felt ‘much like this’, so it is less focused than the first part.   However, again patients are asked to choose from a range of options.   The options, which they choose, allow the clinician to sum the score from the scales and this then allows them to rate the patient’s positive or negative states. Lorr Wunderlich (1988) found in their study, that in order to measure positive effects from the questionnaire, the half scale score items needed to be twelve half scales for each.   The identification of the positive effect is based on the sum total of the item scores on the six positive scales, whilst the negative effect is based on the sum of item scores on the six negative scales. Thus, from the above, for the suitability of answering POMS-BI, we can ascertain that this test is expedient for each patient to answer them and it does not take a long time.   The questionnaire is easy to understand and individuals do not have to think through their answers, they just have to be aware of their current mood state or feeling to be able to undertake the POMS-BI questionnaire (Svrakic, Przybeck, Cloninger, 1992).   This makes it suitable for a number of patients who may need to be assessed in a clinical setting. Reliability One example, which may be cited which demonstrates the reliability of the POMS-BI test was undertaken from a study where mood states were assessed using the POMS –BI (McNair, Lorr Droppleman, 1971).   The responses from respondents were provided on a 5-point scale anchored by 0 = â€Å"not at all† and 4 = â€Å"extremely†.   The study found that the internal consistency (alpha) coefficients for the POMS subscales ranged from .84 to .95 (McNair, Lorr Droppleman, 1971).   Furthermore, the Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .65 to .74 (McNair, Lorr Droppleman, 1971).   This one study demonstrates that the POMS-BI test is highly reliable. Validity The POMS-BI tests validity has also been ascertained through a number of studies, which have been undertaken in psychotherapy, outpatient drug trials, emotion inducing studies and criterion studies.   Each of these types of validity tests has proven the usefulness of POMS-BI.   From the psychotherapy studies that have been undertaken to ascertain the validity of POMS-BI, Lorr et.al. (1961) found that over an eight-week period, whilst it was compared to other treatments that there was a significant improvement in the tension, depression and anger that was reported by patients.   In comparison to this, another study (Haskell, Pugatch McNair, 1969) that found that there was no significant changes in the same emotional states of tension and anger, only in depression, which Lorr et.al. (1961) had identified. In a study of POM-BI, with outpatient drug trials Lorr McNair (1966) successfully demonstrated that the prescribed medication had reduced the levels of tension in the control group.   However, this also demonstrated that the prescribed drugs did not reduce the patient’s vigour. Further, to this studies, which have examined the effectiveness of POMS-BI to measure emotionally induced states.   In one study conducted by Startup Davey (2001), scholars found that there was a direct link between a patient’s mood state and the level of worry that they experienced.   Further to this, in another study conducted by Doyle and Parfitt (1999) a direct correlation was measured between induced mood states and the perceived need profile of patients.   Both of these studies, show that PMOS-BI may be used to measure emotionally induced states effectively. In the criterion studies, Parloff, Kelman, Frank, J. D. (1954) surmised that the patients that were tested by using POMS and the Hopkin Symptom Distress Scale, both attained the same outcome scores in relation to the levels of tension, depression or fatigue that they were feeling. This demonstrates the validity of POMS. Normative Data or Norms When each of these studies has been undertaken, utilising the POMS-BI scholars has been able to establish normative data or norms.   For example, in one study, was conducted to understand the influence of a weight lifting programme that lasted for ten weeks.   The patient group comprised of 32 adults who were aged between 60-84.   The data indicated that ‘before the intervention, the depressed participants in both groups reported less frequent energy feelings compared with age norms (i.e., the mean SD for the relevant norms is 59.9, 22.1, and these data stem from a sample of 442 U.S. men and women between the ages of 65 and 74 yr).. After the 10-wk intervention, those who exercised reported a large increase in the frequency of energy feeling of 1.3 standard deviations’ (Rayman et.al. 2006: 148).   This shows that by using the POMS-BI scholars are able to understand norms and normative data by which they may measure the outcomes of their studies and compare them t o others. Practical Considerations The practical considerations which need to be considered when planning to utilise the POMS-BI are small, as the questionnaire does not take long for patients to fill in (no more than ten minutes on average).   The materials needed for them to do this are the questionnaire which is usually printed on paper and a pencil so that they can choose the response that is most relevant to them.   The POMS-BI score is easily calculated by clinicians using negative and positive mood state indicators.   They do not even need to have scoring templates as the scores can be easily placed into a scoring page so that they can assess the patient’s current mood state.   In addition, to each of these factors the questionnaire is easy to understand, so patients and clinicians should not need to spend too much time discussing what each of them need to do.   This adds to the amount of therapy time which the patient may have.   The only other consideration is if the patient’s first language is not English, under the circumstances it may be necessary to take some time to explain the questionnaire to them to ensure that they fill it in correctly.   However, you may also be able to get POMS_BI forms in other languages upon request.   The only other consideration is that this type of form should only be used by qualified clinicians who are fully competent and understand the outputs from the questionnaire fully. Conclusion This report has assessed many of the different aspects of using POMS-BI to assess patient’s positive and negative mood states or feelings.   From each of the sections above, it may be understood that the use of this questionnaire is easy, not time consuming and simple.   From this perspective, one may say that using the POMS-BI questionnaire to measure the patient’s positive and negative mood states or feelings is practical.   In addition to this, a number of clinicians and scholars have used this toll successfully over the last few decades to assess patient’s moods, and today there are many citations in the literature that may be used to attain this methods validity and reliability.   This method has also been used in a wide variety of organisations from schools, universities to working environments or clinical settings.   Therefore, the questionnaire may be widely used in a variety of settings to measure patients positive and negative mood states or f eelings.   All of this evidence attests to why it was a useful tool which could be utilised to understand the psychosocial morbidity and health concerns accompanying individuals perceived increased risk of cancer (Frost et.al. 2000).   As Frost et.al. (2000) could use the questionnaire to understand how each individual’s experience and their mood states changed on a daily basis (Frost et.al. 2000) in relation to their experiences, the food or drink that they consumed, their social interactions or any life events which may have occurred during this time (Loke, Hinrichs Ghoneim, 1985).   Thus, the test was ideal for this scenario and it should be utilised by clinicians in the future, as individuals that are at risk of developing cancer due to their circumstances may also be at a higher risk of suffering from depression, anxiety or other psychological disorders.   This test could help to diagnose their symptoms early and this could ensure that they received the appropri ate treatment sooner rather than later References DOYLE, J., PARFITT, G. (1999). The effect of induced mood states on performance profile areas of perceived need.  Journal of sports sciences, 17(2), 115-127. Frost, M. H., Vockley, C. W., Suman, V. J., Greene, M. H., Zahasky, K., Hartmann, L. (2000). Perceived familial risk of cancer: Health concerns and psychosocial adjustment.  Journal of psychosocial oncology,  18(1), 63-82. Haskell, D., Pugatch, D., McNair, D. M. (1969). Time-limited psychotherapy for whom.  Archives of General Psychiatry,  21(5), 546. Loke, W. H., Hinrichs, J. V., Ghoneim, M. M. (1985). Caffeine and diazepam: separate and combined effects on mood, memory, and psychomotor performance.  Psychopharmacology,  87(3), 344-350. Lorr, M. (1984).  Profile of Mood States: bi-polar form (POMS-BI): manual. Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Lorr, M., McNAIR, D. M., Weinstein, G. J., Michaux, W. W., Raskin, A. (1961). Meprobamate and chlorpromazine in psychotherapy: Some effects on anxiety and hostility of outpatients.  Archives of General Psychiatry,  4(4), 381. Lorr, M., McNair, D. M. (1966). Methods relating to evaluation of therapeutic outcome. In  Methods of research in psychotherapy  (pp. 573-594). Springer US. Lorr, M., McNair, D. M., Fisher, S. (1982). Evidence for bipolar mood states.  Journal of personality assessment,  46(4), 432-436. Lorr, M., McNair, D. M., Heuchert, J. W. (1984). Profile of moods states.  Bi-polar Form (POMS-BI). San Diego, CA: Educational and Industry Testing Service (EDITS). Lorr, M., Wunderlich, R. A. (1988). A semantic differential mood scale. Journal of clinical psychology,  44(1), 33-36. McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., Droppleman, L. (1971). Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Parloff, M. B., Kelman, H. C., Frank, J. D. (1954). Comfort, effectiveness, and self-awareness as criteria of improvement in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 11, 343–351 Rayman, M., Thompson, A., Warren-Perry, M., Galassini, R., Catterick, J., Hall, E., Bliss, J. (2006). Impact of selenium on mood and quality of life: a randomized, controlled trial.  Biological psychiatry,  59(2), 147-154. Startup, H. M., Davey, G. C. (2001). Mood as input and catatrophic worrying.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology,  110(1), 83. Svrakic, D. M., Przybeck, T. R., Cloninger, C. R. (1992). Mood states and personality traits.  Journal of Affective Disorders,  24(4), 217-226.

How to Connect with Book Clubs

How to Connect with Book Clubs It can be difficult to find sources that allow authors access to book clubs. Clubs often like to choose their own books. So what’s an author to do if she doesn’t have a Top 5 publisher promoting her to clubs? Here are a few proven options that use a variety of methods and budgets to reach book clubs, plus free tips if you can’t afford the cost. For Book Club Lists: Where Writers Win Shari Stauch is CEO and creator of an online marketing site for emerging writers,  Where Writers Win. The site puts authors in charge of their own marketing for a reasonable annual fee. â€Å"Winner Circle is a place where you can find a list of vetted book clubs that you may approach and pitch your book as a book club selection.† The clubs on this site are up to date and open to pitches, and a template for querying clubs is provided. Writers such as William Lobb and J.C. Sasser have used it successfully. Both were picked up Stauch is offering a discount: $20 off the first year of membership; use code VIPW20 to pay $39.95. Visit  https://writerswin.com/join-today/  to sign up/access these book club lists. And This Free Tip:  Use Twitter and Goodreads to find book club bloggers, and check in at local libraries to see if they host book clubs. Some bookstores do as well. For Book Club Giveaways and Outreach: BookClubCookbook Since 2004,  BookClubCookbook.com  has been connecting fiction and nonfiction authors and publishers with thousands of devoted book discussion group members. I used them in 2010 and spoke to several book clubs that contacted me after finding the book on the site. They’ve grown exponentially since then. â€Å"It’s a loyal community of book lovers sharing books, recipes, and ideas to spice up book club discussions. . . . . Our promotions highlight messages from authors, book tours, book club speaking availability, and offer giveaways. We also provide author recipes and book club menu ideas, and are happy to help authors select or develop recipes to accompany their promotions,† writes cofounder Judy Gelman. See opportunities for authors and publishers. For children’s, MG, and YA authors, see the KidsBookClubbing. And This Free Tip:  Include contact information on your website specifically soliciting book clubs; join Skype for long distance interviews/talks. For Book Club Advertising: AuthorBuzz For me, AuthorBuzz was invaluable for putting me directly in touch with readers, increasing my mailing list Bookmovement advertises giveaways and new releases and provides reading guides and book lists to clubs. Contact either  AuthorBuzz.com  or  KidsBuzz.com  to start your promotional package. Packages can be customized, but the basic price for reaching this large number of book clubs is $750 for â€Å"BookClubbing.† Pricey, but this site has repeat customers and has launched many bestsellers. Note KidsBuzz has lower advertising rates. See kids pricing page.   And This Free Tip:  Posting on YouTube is free. Upload a video of you reading an excerpt and include a pitch to book clubs. Finally, be sure to develop a Reader’s Guide you can upload to your site or put at the back of the book, never be pushy when contacting clubs directly, and send thank you’s if you are selected or interviewed.

Common core standards for literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Common core standards for literacy - Essay Example ards includes developing students’ ability to read texts and draw meaning from contexts, ability to â€Å"support arguments with evidence,† ability to â€Å"resolve conflicting views† in literature and the ability to â€Å"solve complex problems with no obvious solutions† (Wahlstrom, p. 4). I address the standards by providing avenues towards realization of the standards’ goals. One of the ways in which I address the common core standards is by promoting readership among students, as well as identifying, and monitoring the developed reading potentials. This motivates reading interest and identifies special cases for personalized assistance. I however rely on offering directions to develop writing skills that includes review of literature to comprehend its contents before writing. Instructing the students on selection of resources, exposing them to a wide range of literature and tailoring writing to achieve a communication role achieves this. I also address the standards by promoting teamwork, developing a â€Å"multiple perspectives† (Bunch, Kibler and Pimentel, p. 6) approach to encountered literature and instilling confidence in ‘self-expression’ within classrooms (p. 1- 8). Bunch, George, Kibler, Amanda, and Pimentel, Susan. â€Å"Realizing opportunities for English learners in the common core English language arts and disciplinary literacy standards.† Stamford University. N.d. Web. 29 July 2012. Wahlstrom, Deborah. â€Å"Common core standards.† Wordpress. September 2011. Web. 29 July 2012.